How to learn effectively?

How to learn in effectively? For this question, many kids do not find the proper valid reason. Here, in this article, we will separate this concept into 3 parts.

Understanding:

Understanding is not possible in all subjects. Most of the subjects like geography, biology, physics may come into the concept of understanding subjects. But the subjects like civics, history are excluded.

Richard Feynman

A theoretical physicist named Richard Feynman, who received nobel prize has come up with his new technique to test the understanding called Feynman Technique.

1. Selecting and Reading the topic:

For example, if we want to know the functioning of heart, we have to study the functioning of heart in our book and then we have to compare our understanding by searching the functioning of heart in the Internet. Now, we would get an overall idea about the functioning of heart. 

2. Write down the concept that we have learned:

Now, we have to write down all the things that we have understand about the functioning of heart in a paper or any notebook. This will help us to find out the gaps in our understanding. Now, again we have to go through the book or any material to bridge the gap.

3. Teach the concept to our friends:

Now, teach the concept that you have understand to your friends. If you can able to teach without any barriers, then it may be clear that you learn the concept better than before. If you struggle, then go through the topic again to get better understanding and follow the same technique to find the gaps in your understanding.

Memorizing:

Some subjects like Chemistry, Civics, History, Polity etc., can not be able to learn by understanding. We have to memorize these topics. For this various techniques like pneumonics, story creation and memes are used.

If we want to memorize things like periodic table, we will create a story for memorizing it. We have to create it by using weird things. Because, our mind cannot forgot the senses and feelings so fast. So, we have to create a sense in that story by creating a weird story. To know more about this technique, watch the video link given below.

How to Memorize US Presidents name?

Language :

The only one practice mantra to learn language that we all of us know. 

Practicing, practicing, practicing.

Practice makes perfect. The more we practice that language, the more we learn faster. Now a days the the apps like Duolingo have come up with the method of smart learning. We can also use these apps to learn languages much faster.

How Internet works?

Internet has become the daily part of our lives which becomes unavoidable in our day to day life. But how many of us knows it's working. Now in this article let's see the working of Internet. Stick to the article till last to get a clear cut vision on Internet.

For better understanding let's compare the working of internet with the postal services.

Data center: (Post office)

 Now, let's assume data center as the post office. In the post box, the posts from the senders are stored and it s taken to the post office where they separate the letters according to the places. 

While in the data center, the data are stored in a disc or a chip.

Optic fibers (Postman)

Let's assume optic fibers as the postman. The Postman took the letters from the post office and delivers it to the receiver of the letter. As like same, the optic fibers carries the data and delivers to our home.

Ip address: (Home address)

Here we compare the ip address with our home address. The Postman send the letters to our home address. As like the same, the optic fibers carries the data and delivers it to our ip address.

Domain :

Domain name is nothing but the nick name for ip address. We can't able to remember the ip address of all websites. So, we use domain names instead of ip address. For example, the ip address of Google is 64.233.160.0 . It differs in many ranges from day to day. Hence, we use the domain Google instead of searching by using it's ip address. Now, we know some person called Peter but we don't know his mobile number. We use telephone directory to find out his number and address. In the same way, when we search by using domain names, the server called DNS (Domain Name System ) redirects into the particular ip address we want. DNS is called phone book of internet.

Working :

Now, let's see how this chain works. Now, the person John searches for Google in his browser (Internet explorer, Google chrome etc., ) The browser sends request to DNS server to get the corresponding ip address. After getting the ip address, John's browser forwards the ip address to the data center. Now, the data flow starts from the data center. The data are converted into digital format and transferred via optic fiber cables in the form of light pulses (light signals). These optic fiber cables are connected to our router. The Router converts the light signals into electrical signals. Now we transfer the electric signals our computer via ethernet cables which is connected to the router. 

Ok. Now, let's assume another person called Rawshe uses mobile phone. How can she get the internet? As like the same mentioned above, the domain name searched by Rawshe gets converted into the ip address by DNS. Rawshe's browser forwards the ip address to the data center and the data is received via optic fiber cables and it is fed into the Mobile towers. The towers converts the light signals from the optic fiber cables into the electromagnetic waves. Now, Rawshe mobile uses these electromagnetic waves and connects her phone with the particular websites she want.

ISP :

Who controls all these processes? Who is the owner of the internet?

The answer is no one can control the Internet.The internet is a decentralized one. It means there is no owner for internet. But all these processes are governed by ICANN. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Named and Numbers.

ISPs are nothing but Internet Service Providers. The most common ISPs in India are JIO, Airtel, Vodafone. Theses ISP s laid down optic fiber cables and towers and transfer the light signals to the particular receivers. In India, the light signals from the optic fiber cables comes to Mumbai from different data centers of America, UK. The Internet Service Providers use their optic cables from Mumbai to transfer the data to different states and different regions of our country.They laid down the cables at their own cost all over India connecting to Mumbai. Hence, we are paying the amount for Airtel for the transfer of data by their optic cables and towers. It doesn't mean that the Airtel is offering internet. They just transfer the data from the data centers by their cables. 

Hope now you understand the working of internet. If you have any queries, shoot your questions in the comment section below. 

What causes addiction?

Many people think that the addiction is one which is caused by over use drugs like heroin, cocaine and the chemicals present in it would cause us addict to the particular drugs. Johann Hari, the author of the book Chasing the Scream explains what is addiction in ted talks.

Professor Bruce Alexander

Alexander theory:

In 1970, Professor Bruce Alexander made a research on rats. He locked a small rat in the cage and place 2 water bottles in the cage. One bottle is filled with water and another one is filled with heroin. The rat drank heroin mixed water and it almost addicted to it. And finally, the rat died. 

Now, he made a rat park. He placed many rats in a particular place and kept all the things that rat likes and wants to play with. Now, he placed those two water bottles in the rat park. As like before, one is filled with water alone and another one bottle is filled with heroin and water. Now, most of the rats drank water and hardly some rats drank heroin. 

Rat park

Vietnam war Concept:

In the Vietnam war, over 20% of the Americans are addicted to cocaine, heroin and other drugs. After the end of the war, it may be feared that they would become severely addicted to drugs. Because, these drugs can be easily available in all streets of America. But, the 95% of the Americans who used to take drugs during war had never touched any drugs after the war (when they returned home). 

Causes of addiction:

If we are happy, we may bond with our friends, parents, neighbors and people around us. In the same case, if we are heartbroken or sad or frustrated, we would bond with something that gives us the sense of relief. (like the caged rat bonds with the heroin water). The temporary sense of relief includes not only consuming of drugs, it also includes checking of smart phones endlessly, watching porn videos or playing games. Overtime, we itself locked ourselves in the cage by hating the society. Then, we get addicted to these stuffs that gives us temporary happiness.

 Addiction is may be one of the symptom of disconnecting with the surroundings. We have to stay connected with our friends and family and our surrounding environment to lead a happy addiction free life. We have to build a society that looks lot like a rat park , lot less like isolated rat cages. Johann Hari concludes in his book by saying 

"the opposite of addiction is not sobriety, the opposite of addiction is connection"

Johann Hari

How did animals get escape from sunburn?

Sunburn is the reddening of skin due to over exposure of Ultra violet radiation. Due to ultraviolet radiation of sun, animals also get sunburn. However to protect themselves from this harmful effect, different animals have different mechanisms to protect themselves from sunburn. 

• Reptiles have scales
• Birds have feathers
• Animals like sheep, dogs and cats have furs
• Sperm whales have special protein
• Fin whales have more melanin

Some animals secrete certain substances to protect themselves from the harmful radiation. 

• Hippopotamus secrete a fluid made of proteins red and orange pigments
• Fish and amphibians secrete a chemical called gadusol

In addition to this animals like elephants, rhinocerous and pigs take mud baths.

Here is how Jeanny Yao and Miranda Wang have come up with new method of Plastic Recycling

Did you know?

Every year we dump around 8 million tonnes of plastic wastes in the ocean and 15 thousand pieces of plastic wastes are dumped in the ocean each day and 95% of marine water samples tested around the world contain microplastics. The consequences of these wastes causes widespread reduction in marine productivity as well as negative impacts on fisheries. UN reports that these consequences amount to the annual loss of 13 billion dollars.

The two young innovative minds Jeanny Yao and Miranda Wang come up with their way to recycle the plastics. They realized that the challenge lies not only in the difficulty of collecting plastic fragments in the oceans but also in the lack of available technology that is sacleable to transform plastic wastes into useful materials. Gaining knowledge in bio-technology, these realize that the microbes are not only used for bio remediation but also they are employed to produce many useful products such as antibiotics, insulin and pharmaceutical drugs. The list goes on and on and not constrained to medicine. Now in order to reduce these plastics, they cultured microbes to upcycle plastic waste into valuable products for aquaculture. They have come up with the two steps to achieve this,

1. To optimizing the microbes that are naturally able to breakdown the plastics and making them really good at extraction energy from the carbon source.
2. Bio engineering these microbes to produce highly valuable products for aquaculture as they grow and multiply.

By using this two step process, they created an integrative solution to the two problems. They used these plastic eating microbes to create a vaccine components and also as feed for fishes. They find that the fish eating this microbial waste grown equally with the fishmeal feeding fishes and also they found that the fish eating microbial wastes show 73% less mortality rate as compared to that. 

Process :

1. Collection of non recyclable marine plastics.
2. These plastics will be processed and fed into microbes which will be able to grow in the bio reactors in the faster rate.
3. As they grow and multiply, they will be able to bio synthesize valuable feed and fish vaccine components for the aquaculture industry.

Using the skills that Yao learned in her biochemistry combined with Wang's engineering entrepreneurship, they founded BioCellection at the age of 21.

Now, the BioCellection recycles about 10 litres of plastics a day. And also they started a pilot programme with the Greenwaste director Hanson to clean up all wastes in the city of San Jose, California.

Now, they use series of chemicals and convert the non recyclable plastics into compounds that can be used to make clothing, carpet and other consumer goods.

Our long term goal is to be able to recycle all of the city of San Jose's and other cities of US

                                                                                        ~ Wang, CEO of BioCellection

How do scars are formed?

A Scar is formed when our skin tissues heals itself after an injury. Our skin tissue has collagen. Collagen is a structural protein produced by fibroblasts. Collagen keeps our skin firm and it is usually arranged in a basket weave pattern. When we get injured, our skin tissues get damaged. So, in order to heal and close the wound, fibroblasts produce more collagen. Buy, instead of arranging them in a basket weave pattern, the collagen cross links and arranges in a single direction. As a result, the injured area of the skin appears different from the normal skin. Thus, causing a scar.

Why do we bite nails?

Nail biting, also called Onychophagia is a bad habit. Actually this habit forms due to 3 reasons.

• Trigger
• Action
• Reward

So, a research suggests that the broken nail which is hurting can be a trigger. Biting and remove is the action. When the broken nail is taken off, the pain is reduced and we feel better. This is our reward. Now, if we again encounters small triggers like a broken nail, we repeat the same action to get rewards which gradually causes onychophagia. That is, we get a habit of nail biting

Why do we cry when we laugh?

We cry when we laugh because extreme laughing causes our face muscled to scrunch. This puts pressure on the tear ducts, thus squeezing out tears and making us cry. Another theory suggests that it may be due to a disorder called Pathological laughter and crying. It occurs due to brain injury or neurological disorder. This disorder causes people to uncontrollably laugh and cry. Now, since the same disorder produces tear as well as laughter, it suggests that the common area is responsible for crying as well as laughing. So, it may be noted that when we laugh uncontrollably, the common area confuses and mistakenly trigger our crying response also and thus producing tears.